Internet Networking Articles

BSCI exam success, not to mention earning your CCNP, can come down to your OSPF route summarization skills. There are a few different commands and situations you need to be ready for, and one of these situations is the proper use of the “summary-address” command.

The summary-address command should be used on an ASBR in order to summarize routes that are being injected into the OSPF domain via redistribution. In the following example, four routes are being redistributed into OSPF on R1, making R1 an ASBR.

interface Loopback16

ip address 16.16.16.16 255.0.0.0

!

interface Loopback17

ip address 17.17.17.17 255.0.0.0

!

interface Loopback18

ip address 18.18.18.18 255.0.0.0

!

interface Loopback19

ip address 19.19.19.19 255.0.0.0

R1(config)#router ospf 1

R1(config-router)#redistribute connected subnets

These four routes are seen on downstream router R2 as External Type-2, the default for routes redistributed into OSPF.

R2#show ip route ospf

O E2 17.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 172.12.123.1, 00:00:07, Serial0

O E2 16.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 172.12.123.1, 00:00:07, Serial0

O E2 19.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 172.12.123.1, 00:00:07, Serial0

O E2 18.0.0.0/8 [110/20] via 172.12.123.1, 00:00:07, Serial0

To summarize networks learned by redistribution, use the OSPF command summary-address. You can probably do this summarization in your head, but do so before continuing with the lab.

R1(config)#router ospf 1

R1(config-router)#summary-address 16.0.0.0 252.0.0.0

Look at the change in R2’s OSPF table.

R2#show ip route ospf

O E2 16.0.0.0/6 [110/20] via 172.12.123.1, 00:00:05, Serial0

The external routes have been successfully summarized. Note that the summary route is still marked as an E2 route.

There’s an interesting route installed into R1’s OSPF table as well.

R1#show ip route ospf

O 16.0.0.0/6 is a summary, 00:01:51, Null0

When you configure summary routes in OSPF, a route to null0 will be installed into the OSPF routing table. This helps to prevent routing loops. Any packets destined for the routes that have been summarized will have a longer match in the routing table….

C 17.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback17

C 16.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback16

C 19.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback19

C 18.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback18

O 16.0.0.0/6 is a summary, 00:03:10, Null0

O 12.0.0.0/6 is a summary, 00:07:53, Null0

.. and packets that do not match one of the summarized routes but do match the summary route will be dropped.

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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com), home of free CCNA and CCNP tutorials! For my FREE “How To Pass The CCNA” or “CCNP” ebook, visit the website and download your copies. Pass your CCNA exam with The Bryant Advantage!

When you’re studying for the Network+ exam, you’ve got to master the fundamentals of networking, because the Network+ is a hard exam to pass due to the range of information covered. One such fundamental is the Address Resolution Protocol, commonly referred to as ARP.

ARP operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI model, and its purpose is often overlooked. When Host A wants to send data to Host B, we know Host A must have a destination IP address for Host B (the Network layer address). What we tend to overlook is that Host A must also have a Layer 2 destination address for Host B — in other words, it’s got to have a destination MAC address for Host B. That’s where ARP comes in.

Host devices, as well as switches and routers, keep a table that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. This is an ARP Cache, and in our scenario Host A would first look in its own ARP Cache to see if it has a corresponding MAC address for Host B. If not, Host A will send out an ARP Request. This request is a broadcast, which means that every single device on the network segment will get it. (The broadcast MAC address is ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff.)

The ARP Request contains the IP address of the destination host, in this case Host B. The Request is basically saying, “Here’s the IP address of the host I need to talk to. Will the device with this IP address send me its MAC address?”

Every host on the segment will receive the Request, but only the device with the IP address contained in the Request will respond to it. In this example, Host B will send a unicast ARP Response to Host A, telling Host A what its MAC address is. Host A now has the IP and MAC address for Host B, and can now send data successfully to Host B.

Since the ARP Request is a broadcast, there is no problem if there is a hub, repeater, or switch physically between Host A and Host B, since those devices forward broadcasts. Routers do NOT forward broadcasts, however, so if there is a router between Host A and Host B, there could be a problem. There is an ARP feature that addresses this problem, though, and we’ll talk about that in my next Network+ exam tutorial!

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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage (http://www.thebryantadvantage.com). For a copy of his FREE “How To Pass The CCNA” or “CCNP” ebook, visit the website and download your copies! Daily exam questions and tutorials now available through RSS feed!

The Answer To The Media Access Control Question

Over the past few weeks I have received quite a few e-mails about Ethernet cards, both wired and wireless, and more specifically, about Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. I think the main reason I’ve received so many questions about Ethernet cards and MAC addresses is people trying to secure their home wireless networks and their desire to use MAC address filtering. This type of filtering in wireless networks can be configured to allow or deny specific computers to use or attach to the wireless network, based on the MAC address.

My first thought was to write an article just about MAC addresses and wireless Ethernet. After thinking about it I decided to expand on this and go over some specific information about Ethernet cards and communication.

Different Ways Of Finding Your MAC Address And More

There are several ways of finding your Ethernet and communications protocol information. Many Ethernet card manufacturer’s have proprietary software that can reveal this information but they work differently depending on the manufacturer. So we will use the Windows 2000 and XP “ipconfig” utility since this is available in the majority of Windows Operating Systems.

First, go to “start” -> “run” and type “cmd” without the quotes. Then hit the enter key. At the command line type “ipconfig /all”, again without the quotes. Actually, just typing ipconfig without the /all will work but will only provide you with abbreviated information regarding your network cards. An example of what you might see by typing the “ipconfig /all” command is below with each item commented in green lettering:

Fault Tolerant And Highly Availability Computer Systems

There are several ways of finding your Ethernet and communications protocol information. Many Ethernet card manufacturer’s have proprietary software that can reveal this information but they work differently depending on the manufacturer. So we will use the Windows 2000 and XP “ipconfig” utility since this is available in the majority of Windows Operating Systems.

First, go to “start” -> “run” and type “cmd” without the quotes. Then hit the enter key. At the command line type “ipconfig /all”, again without the quotes. Actually, just typing ipconfig without the /all will work but will only provide you with abbreviated information regarding your network cards. An example of what you might see by typing the “ipconfig /all” command is below:

OutPut Of The “Ipconfig /All” Command

Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : Home Computer
This is the name of your computer, typically defined during the windows installation. However, it can be changed after installation.

Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : domain.com
If your computer participates in a network such as a Microsoft Windows domain this item may contain the name of the domain.

Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Unknown
The Node Type may say Unknown, or peer-to-peer, or in some cases “hybrid”. It is a setting that has to do with the Windows Internet Naming Services used in certain types of Windows domain networks.

IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
This setting determines if Windows XP or 2000 will function as an IP router. If you have two or more network cards you can setup your system to act as a router, forwarding communications requests from one network to another. Windows 2000 can be configured to do this in a pretty straight forward fashion; Windows XP will need a registry modification.

WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy is another setting that is related to the “Node Type” we discussed earlier. It is normally not a required setting in a home or small office network, or newer types of Microsoft Windows domains.

Ethernet adapter Wireless Network Connection 2:
If you have multiple Ethernet (network) cards in your systems, as I do in this laptop, you will have multiple listings. This one happens to be the second Ethernet card, an internal wireless Ethernet card.

Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcom 802.11b/g WLAN
This is the description of the Ethernet card, usually the Name / Manufacturer and type of Ethernet card. In this case, it is a Broadcom wireless Ethernet card built into my laptop.

Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-90-4B-F1-6E-4A
And here we have the MAC address. The MAC address is a 48 bit hexadecimal code and is suppose to be a totally unique address. It is 48 bits because each number or letter in hexadecimal represents 8 bits. Hexadecimal numbers range from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, F. There are 6 alpha-numeric codes hence 6*8=48(bits). The first 3 codes identify the manufacturer of the card and the remaining codes are used to create a unique number. Theoretically there should never be a card with same MAC address on a local network. However, there are a few exceptions. There are software tools that allow you to change this code. In fact, this is a step some hackers take to attack other systems on a local network. I say local network because MAC addresses are not routable between network segments. By spoofing this address, you can impersonate another machine on the local network. Traffic that was bound for the intended target can be redirected to the hacker’s machine. This is the address you would also use to populate a MAC address, or physical address table when setting up your wireless access point to support MAC address filtering.

DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
DHCP, or the Dynamic Host Control Protocol, if enabled means your computers IP address is being provided by a DHCP server on you network. The DHCP server could be your wireless access point, cable/dsl router, cable modem, or a server on your network. Also, if a DHCP server is not enabled on your network, your computers Operating System will auto generate a random IP address within a certain predefined range. This means you could network a group of systems together without having to manually assign the IP settings.

IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.117
This parameter provides you with your current IP address. The address listed above is what is called a “private” address. There are certain classes of IP addresses that have been set aside for private use. This means for your internal, local, or private network at home or office. These addresses are not, or should not, be routable on the Internet. The Internet routes what are called “valid” IP addresses. Your cable/dsl router or cable modem has a valid IP address assigned to its “external” network interface. The external interface may be your phone line or cable TV cable.

Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
The Subnet Mask is a special number, or in some sense, filter, that breaks down your IP address, in this case private IP address, into certain groups. IP addresses and Subnet Masks can be a complicated matter and would take an entire article to go over.

Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.254
The default gateway, the IP addresses listed above, is the IP address of the device that will route your request, such as when you try to browse a website, to the Internet. It is a bit more complicated than that though as gateways or routers can route traffic to various different networks, even other private networks. At your home or small office, this gateway most likely is your cable/dsl modem or router.

DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.49
The DHCP server, remember we talked a little about this above, is the device that assigns your computer an IP address and other information. DHCP servers can assign all kinds of information such as; Default Gateway, Domain Name Servers (DNS), IP address, Subnet Mask, Time Server, and much more.

DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.49, 64.105.197.58
DNS Servers are internal or external servers that resolve Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN), such as www.defendingthenet.com , to IP addresses. This is done because computers don’t actually transmit your requests using the domain name, they use the IP address assigned to the FQDN. For most home or small office users, the primary DNS server is the IP address of your cable/dsl router. Your cable/dsl router than queries an external DNS server on the Internet to perform the actual resolution of the FQDN to IP address. The address 192.168.0.49 is an internal private device on my network whereas the 64.105.197.58 is an external public Internet DNS server and is present just in case my router has trouble performing the DNS resolution tasks.

Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, March 19, 2006 6:38:16 PM
This information tells you when your computer received its IP address and other information from a DHCP server. You will notice it says “Lease Obtained”, that is because most DHCP servers only lease the IP address to you from a pool of available address. For instance, your pool may be 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.50. So your DHCP server has 50 IP addresses to choose from when assigning your computer its IP address.

Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Wednesday, March 29, 2006 9:38:16 PM
When the IP address, assigned by the DHCP server, lease expires it will attempt to lease you the same or another IP address. This function can typically be changed on the DHCP server. For instance, on some fully functional DHCP servers, you can configure the Lease to never expire, or to expire within 1 day and so on.

Why Are MAC Addresses So Important And How Do They Work

To jump back to MAC address for just a bit. You may think that IP addresses are the most important thing when it comes to network communication. The reality is, MAC addresses are very important because without them computers would not be able to communicate over Ethernet networks. When a computer wants to speak with another computer on a local network, it will make a broadcast request, or ask a question, of who owns a particular IP address. For instance, your computer may say “Who is 192.168.0.254”. Using the information above, my default gateway is 192.168.0.254 and will answer “I am “00-90-4B-F1-6E-4A” 192.168.0.254”. It sends back its MAC address. That MAC address then goes into what is called a Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table on your computer. You can see this information by going to the command prompt like you did above and typing “arp –a”. You will get information like the following:

Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.0.49 00-12-17-5c-a2-27 dynamic
192.168.0.109 00-12-17-5c-a2-27 dynamic
192.168.0.112 00-0c-76-93-94-b2 dynamic
192.168.0.254 00-0e-2e-2e-15-61 dynamic

How A Hacker Can Use MAC Addresses In An Attack

You will notice the IP addresses and to the right of them the MAC addresses. Without this information, without the MAC address, you would not be reading this article right now. MAC addresses are not routable like IP addresses. They work on your local or private network. However, devices on the Internet perform the same tasks. Routers and switches maintain a list of their peer devices MAC address just like your computers and devices on your home or office network. I mentioned above that MAC addresses can be changed in order to redirect requests. For instance, if I were on your office network and you had an internal web server that took personal information as input, I could tell your computer to go to my laptop for the web site by broadcasting my MAC address tied to the real web servers IP address. I would do this when you computer asked “Who is the “Real Web Server””. I could setup a fake web server that looks just like the real thing, and start collecting information the real web server would normally collect. You can see how dangerous this can be.

Conclusion

There are several other easy ways you can find your MAC address but they can be a little confusing if you have more than one internal network card. Most external USB, or PCMCIA wired and wireless Ethernet cards have their MAC address printed on them. In cases where the wired or wireless network card are inside your computer, such as in laptops, the MAC address is sometimes printed on the bottom of the laptop. Even Desktop systems cards that are inserted in PCI slots have the MAC address printed on the Ethernet card.

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Darren Miller is an Information Security Consultant with over seventeen years experience. He has written many technology & security articles, some of which have been published in nationally circulated magazines & periodicals. If you would like to contact Darren you can e-mail him at Darren.Miller@defendingthenet. http://www.defendingthenet.com/NewsLetters/FindingYourMACAddressOnWiredAndWirelessNetworkCards.htm

The introduction of the domain name into the world of virtual reality brought some transformation not only in such dimension but even to the lives of most people. Today, many people are looking for some ways that will help them get their own domain names. And as years go by, many companies and individuals are into it. Some of them are purchasing domain names, and the others are selling it, and some are even finding answers on how to translate a domain name to IP address. But despite this fact, still many people are not aware that this thing exists in the real world. So to let them know the nature behind this thing, this article is written.

Speaking on how to translate a domain name to IP address, it is very important that the concept of the Domain Name System plays a large role here. The DNS is such a powerful tool that really contributes a vital part in translating a domain name to IP address, for the fact that it is the primary function of the Domain Name System – to translate a domain name to IP address. So if you are asking how the domain name is translated to an IP address, the answer mainly lies on the operation of the Domain Name System.

Speaking of the Internet Protocol or IP address, it is noted as a 32-bit integer. So if somebody wishes to send a message, it is important to include the destination address, but most of the people today rather prefer to assign machines pronounceable and easily remembered domain names. For such reason, the Domain Name System is largely used. Aside from translating a domain name to IP address, the Domain Name System also allows independence from knowing the physical location of a host. And speaking of a host, it can be moved to a various network while the users are still using the same logical name.

In the process of translating a domain name to IP address, it is then necessary to remember that the Domain Name System is a distributed database by the TCP/IP applications to map a domain name to IP address. It is also noted that it serves to provide electronic mail routing information. With that, each site on the web whether it is university department, company, campus, or even department within a company, for example, holds it own database of details and thus runs a server program that other systems across the internet can query. By translating a domain name to IP address, the clients and servers will be able to communicate with each other.

And through the process of translating a domain name to IP address, it is considered that the system then accesses the DNS through a resolver. The resolver then gets the domain name and then puts back the IP address or get the IP address and search for the domain name. The translation of a domain name to IP address then involves the functioning of the TCP for opening a link or sending a datagram by using the UDRP. Thus in the translation of a domain name to IP address, everything is in control and everything is in use.

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We all know that as the number of people who cater to domain name and some of the domain name services increase, some transformations under the domain name industry were being made and thus brought certain bangs to the lives of most people everywhere else in the world. An evidence for such claim is the many people who are searching some possible means that will greatly aid them in getting their own domain names. In fact, many people today are engaged in selling, reselling and in buying domain names, and some of them are even finding solutions on how to convert the domain name to IP address.

Speaking on how to convert a domain name to IP address, I am sure that many of you are still not aware that this thing exists in the world of the internet. So to let you know something about how to convert a domain name to IP address, this article is particularly written.

When it comes to the ways in converting a domain name to IP address, it is interesting to know that the Domain Name System or DNS plays a very vital role in this area. It is in converting a domain name to IP address that the Domain Name System takes a great part. Well, it is greatly for the main fact that the DNS is such a powerful tool that is designed to contribute a large factor in converting a domain name to IP address. And as its main purpose or function, the DNS takes hold of everything when it comes to converting a domain name to IP address.

Since the DNS is converting a domain name to IP address, it is then a nice thing to know that the IP or the Internet Protocol address is a 32-bit integer. Along with that, it is interesting to know that if you wish to send a message you should then include the destination address. However, due to some transformations in the world of domain names and the internet, many people today preferred to assign machines pronounceable and easily remembered domain names. And for such operation, the DNS largely takes part.

Aside from converting a domain name to IP address, the DNS also grants independence from knowing the physical location of a host. And in terms of the host, it is noted that it can be moved to a different network while the users are still applying the same logical name.

In the process of converting a domain name to IP address, it is considered that the DNS is a distributed database by the TCP/IP applications to map a domain name to IP address. Aside from that, the DNS serves to provide email routing information. So by converting a domain name to IP address, the clients and the servers will be able to communicate with each other.

And so with the process of converting a domain name to IP address, the system will then be able to access the DNS through a resolver, which lets the resolver to get the domain name and return back the IP address or get the IP address and search for the domain name. For that matter, the process for converting a domain name to IP address involves the functioning of the TCP for opening a link or sending a datagram through the UDRP. It is then understandable that everything is really in control when converting a domain name to IP address.

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In the early days of the internet, it is just consisted of small number of computers that are bonded together with modems and telephone lines. It is noted that you could only make internet connections by giving the IP or Internet Protocol address of the computer that you wished to establish a link with. However, the mere use of the Internet Protocol or IP address could only be applicable if there were only a few hosts out there, for the reason that it became awkward as more and more internet systems are coming online.

With that major dilemma, the concept of domain name emerged. Prior to the introduction of the Domain Name System, the first noted solutions to the such dilemma was a simple text file that is maintained by the Network Information Center that handles the responsibility for mapping names to IP addresses. But then, the text file became so huge that many people found it too tough to manage. As such, the University of Wisconsin in 1983 created the Domain Name System which has the capability to map text names to IP addresses automatically. And from that introduction, the concept of the IP address and domain names is made known to man.

With the emergence of the IP address and domain name system, the people can know connect with the computers without much hassles. The IP address and domain name system makes everything lighter and easier. This is the common reaction that most people often gave between the IP address and domain name. Well, this is for some reasons true. Even if the IP address and domain name have different identification, both of them are important in the internet world.

Moreover, the IP address and domain name are really strongly bonded for the fact that the domain name will not function correctly without the IP address and the IP address will not also work correctly without the domain name. Such is how connected the IP address and domain name is.

To further show the importance of the IP address and the domain name, it is just a nice thing to consider that the IP address in particular is a 32-bit numeric address that is written as four numbers divided by dots. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address. It is considered that within a separated network, the IP address can be assigned at random as long as every one is distinct. Aside from that, the IP address is also used in various means to identify a certain network and a host on the network. From this simple explanation alone, the bond between the IP address and domain names is greatly given.

And in terms of the domain name to further show the importance of both the IP address and domain names, it is noted that the domain name identifies one or more IP addresses. The IP address and domain name are therefore used to identify web pages. So, if you type into the browser either the IP address or the domain name, the system will then locate for that page and as a result, the page will be given to you automatically. Such is how the IP address and domain name functions in the internet world.

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How frequently do you go online? The internet is seriously captivating, don’t you agree?

You are allowed entry into all kinds of strange and unknown domains. Many a times we come across information we would have never even thought of. Its absolutely wonderful to have such an access and that too just a click away! Many nowadays have become of this amazing power, but be cautious about the information you put on the web.

Make sure you leave no hint that might lead to your crucial information becoming public. Your every step might have been followed. Do consider these issues before getting on to the world of internet. All our personal computers have identity for themselves. Here is a great networking information site http://www.commcloset.com. This identity is called IP address. Are you aware what is your IP address? This IP address can be found out by anyone and find your geographic location. Take care your every move might be under vigilance!

Have you heard the phrase ‘IP address tracker’? If you happen to be computer buff , you must have definitely come across this term at some point or the other. If you are using your computer on a regular basis, you should be knowing its IP. Your computer is identified through this. You might have been marked by a web company and you might not even know it.

Trust me , you are being watched. It just so happened that I was checking my mail , a dating website popped up. Being curious, I clicked it and I was informed about the singles in my area. My town name and people available were all displayed on the screen. I have encountered this many times earlier, so this has not surprised me. A click is enough to reveal your identity. This is done through the IP address tracker.

We never care about the sites we are browsing on the internet. We generally consider it just any other site in the web world. This is indulgence for fun for sure but do consider the fact that you moves might be getting watched or recorded. Are you attempting access to classified files like government file or IRS tax histories? This sounds way to extremist but always remember that websites can locate you with an IP address tracker. If you want one, you can definitely an IP address tracker for personal use. You just have to be online and do a little search.

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If you ever heard of an IP address tracker? It sounds to me like something the post office might use. Actually, it has something to do the Internet world. Let me explain:

The World-Wide-Web is rather intriguing wouldn’t you say? It basically allows us access to all these bizarre and foreign places. Sometimes we come across things that we not have seen. It’s truly amazing to have all this freedom and access at our very fingertips 24/7. A great deal of less use this technological wonder to our advantage on a daily basis, it’s also a good idea to know what you’re telling the world about yourself. Are you leaving a trail behind? Is someone watching every move you make on the Internet? You may want to ponder this concept before your next surf down the Internet-highway. Our PCs do all leave their own fingerprints. This characteristic is called an ip address. Have you any idea what yours might be? More importantly, did you know that anyone can use an ip address tracker to find out who and where you are? 1994 - big Brother all over again.

Does the phrase ip address tracker mean anything to you? If you have any experience with computers at all you probably know what an IP address tracker is. The truth is if you use a computer daily, then you probably know that yours contains an ip address. It is a means by which your computer can be specifically identified. A unique fingerprint, if you will. You’ve probably been spotted by a web company and not even noticed. Trust me, they are watching you.

Just this morning I was checking my email, and a website for dating was advertised on my browser. I clicked on it just to see what it was all about and it turned out to be an ad for singles and dating in my area. Then it flat out informed me what my town was called and who was available in it. Frankly, I wasn’t at all surprised that this information was known. However, that just goes to show you with the click of a mouse, that website tapped into my computer’s identity. They must use some sort of ip address tracker.

Whenever we use the Internet’s wonderful resources, we rarely concern ourselves with where we’re going. It’s just another adventure through net-land. While this is fine, you may want to consider what is being recorded. Are you accessing classified government files, or IRS tax histories? Okay, maybe that’s a little on that James bond side of the equation. Nevertheless, you should remember that websites all over the Internet can identify you rather quickly with an ip address tracker. If you are interested in high-tech software, you can find products that provide you with an ip address tracker for your own personal use. It’s all there, online

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If you’re involved in a home based or independent business, especially one where a significant portion or even the majority of your business is taking place online, then you probably already know that website promotion initiatives like affiliate programs are fairly crucial to your income streams. After all, many home internet businesses rely heavily on their websites for product, brand or business awareness and also use their websites to process customer orders and launch viral internet marketing campaigns. Some people entire income streams are coming from the money they make through their website.

One of the most tried and true methods of website promotion and internet marketing are affiliate programs. Traditionally, an affiliate program relies on an exchange arrangement between you and another organization that offers the same or complementary types of products and services where you cross-promote each others’ businesses for the betterment and benefit of both you and your affiliate program partners. The Internet has expanded the role of affiliate programs even further. There are many different avenues you can use for website promotion through affiliate programs. Let’s walk through a few examples.

One of the longest running and most popular affiliate programs for website promotion is the banner exchange. You post a banner graphic somewhere on your website that advertises and links to the website of your affiliate, and in exchange you receive either paid compensation based on how many people click your affiliate’s link and how often they click, or compensation in the form of cash or a reciprocal link back to your website.

Other types of affiliate programs for website promotion to generate income streams include “advertising affiliate” programs where automated software scans the text content of your website and auto-generates ads that are related to that content, making it more likely that your visitors will be interested in the ads and end up clicking on them. You typically get paid based on click through rates. On the other side of the fence, you can pay other people the same click through rates for the website promotion they provide to you for such affiliate programs.

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When we talk about domain name, we are basically referring to an address of a web site that is primarily intended for an easy and quick identification. Speaking of these user-friendly addresses for web sites, these help connect both computers and people on the internet.

Given such fact, it is interesting to know that the domain name is understood as string of letters or numbers that is used to describe an IP address. This is the primary function of the domain name in the field of the internet. So, since the domain name and IP address are somewhat connected, I will be using the term “domain name IP address” in this article’s sense. So please bear with me.

Ah, but what is a domain name IP address? Or, an IP address in general? For your information, the acronym IP stands for Internet Protocol. This is so called as domain name IP address for the reason that this is the numeric address of any domain on the internet. As it is commonly noted, domain name IP addresses are much similar with telephone numbers. I am sure that you know that there is a common name listed in the phonebook that is associated with a long string of numerals pertaining to a specific telephone.

Aside from that, it is also interesting to know that speaking of the domain name IP addresses; others noted that the domain name IP addresses are like the reference numbers that are applied to categorize the books in a library. As the library codes apply for you to know the title of a book to find in the library, the domain name IP addresses also function somewhat that way.

Essentially, a domain name IP address is a set of four numbers that are divided by dots. In particular, the domain name IP address looks like 203.23.56.166, and each one of these numbers can be between 1 and 255. Just like the mentioned function of the telephone numbers and the reference numbers in the library, the domain name IP address is said to be that important in the internet. For a computer machine to be able to be located by the other computers on the internet, it is important that it must have its own domain name IP address that is distinct than the others.

The primary intention for creating the system of domain name IP address is for the people to connect to other computers on the internet by just applying an easy to remember name instead of a particular IP address. So as result, it is therefore important that the domain name must have matching IP address for it to function correctly. This is also one of the best explanations that show how the domain name and IP address are connected. This explanation alone led to the association between the two and thus being identified as a domain name IP address.
With the domain name IP address, you have the freedom to type either the domain name or the IP address into a web browser and you will definitely see the same page. It is for the reason that when you type a domain name into the web browser, the Internet Service Provider or ISP will then search the associated IP address in their Domain Name System server. That is how the domain name IP address works.

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